Know:Heredity is what determines our traits. There are dominant and recessive genes, dominant genes always dominate, meaning we end up having those traits. The probability of those genes are like this:
Dad B
Dad b
Mom b
Bb
bb
Mom b
Bb
bb
Want to Know: I want to know more about how it works.
Learned: Heterozygous, or Hybrids, have different codes for the same gene. Homozygous or purebreds , have the same code for the same gene. Genotype is the code for our traits, i.e. code for black hair, code for blue eyes, etc, while phenotype is the result (outward physical appearance) of the genotype, i.e. black hair, blue eyes, etc. Mendel is a monk who grows peas and is called "The Father of Genetics" because he was the first to apply mathematical probability to the study of genetics/heredity, invented the Punnett Square, and the rules of heredity. Alleles are different versions of the same trait.Pedigrees are used to trace one trait through many generations.Polygenetics are many pairs of alleles that determine one trait. Multi-alleles are more than two types of alleles with . Incomplete dominance is when both alleles are dominant and working and are competing, so you would end up with a mixture of both sometimes. Some diseases, like Down's syndrome, are caused by mistakes during meiosis. Others, like color-blindness, are sex-linked because the genes are located on the sex chromosomes. Males are more likely to be victims of such because they only have to have one X chromosome infected while females have to both X chromosomes infected.
Mendel's Laws of Genetics: 1. Traits are determined by alleles.
2. Alleles are dominant or recessive.
3. When a pair of chromosomes separate during meiosis, the different alleles for a trait are
separated into different sex cells.
CH11 Project Review Choose example work you have done this quarter (e.g. Power Point presentation on heredity, the Genetics With a Smile assignment, or any other related work you have done) that demonstrates the following and reflect (describe/explain) on how this work actually demonstrates the following.
1. Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to all living things:
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I described that reproduction is essential to cats, planarians, hydra, and as well as all living things because it is the only thing that allows a species to continue surviving and prevent it fom becoming extinct.
2. Understands asexual and sexual reproduction (e.g. in terms of how genes are passed to offspring- heredity, and the advantages/disadvantages of both)
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I compared reproduction in hydra, planarians & cats. Hydra and planarians reproduce asexually, (hydra through fragmentation, the formation of offspring in which the parent is broken into peices, and planarians through regeneration, the ability for a new organism to form out of a lost body part.) While cats reproduce sexually, (they are dioecious, describing a species that are either only male or only female.) Hereditary information, through reproduction, is passed on from parent to offspring. When the hydra fragmentates, for example, the original hereditary material is passed on to the resulting offspring. In asexual reproduction, in the cases of the hydra and planaria, only one parent is needed, so more are produced in a given amount of time, and in the cellular level, mitosis is the type of cell division hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing organisms use. This results in two genetically identicle cells, and then into two genetically identicle offspring. Asexual reproduction allows 100% of the original hereditary material to be passed on. This means that the disadvantaging traits of hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing organisms are limited but it also means that defective genes are passed on. hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing species, due to their genetic similarity, also find it hard to adopt to environmental changes. In sexual reproduction, like in cats, two cats are needed are so the biotic potential is lesser, In the cellular level, they perform meiosis, in which the resulting four sex cells are all genetically unique and haploid. Then another haploid sex cell from another cat is needed for fertilization to occur, in which proccess a new diploid cell, a zygote, is formed. The zygote of a cat then, through cell division, grows into another cat. Sexual reproduction in the case of the cat is less in amount and only 50% of the cat's genetic material is passed on. But cats, and other species who reproduce sexually are more likely to survive environmental changes. Due to their individuality, a few cats, out of the whole population, can end up surviving in environmental changes because they will already be genetically prepared for it.
3. Knows where heredity information is contained and how traits are determined.
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I described that heredity information is stored in the nucleus of cells, such as in the cells of planarians, hydra, cats, etc. Sections of hereditary material are called genes. The different versions of the same gene, called alleles, (i.e. different fur colors) determine a cat's traits, and also in other organisms too. Alleles can be dominant, covering up the other gene, or recessive, seeming to dissappear. When you have a dominant allele and a recessive one, the dominant one always appears in the phenotype, like if black fur dominates orange fur, then your cat would appear to have black fur. But when both alleles are dominant, you get a mixture of both on the phenotype, or the appearance or behavior of the cat, and in other organisms too.
Chapter 18.
Know: Atoms make up all matter, or something that has mass and take up space. They are made of neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons have positive charges and electrons have negative charges. The number of protons in an atom determine what element it is. The protons and neutrons are located in the center of the atom and are equal numbers. 2 or more different elements also make up Compounds which have different properties than the original atoms.
Want to Know: What properties the elements have.
Learned: Matter comes in three states: plasma, such as lightning, liquid, such as water, solid, such as wood, and gas, such as air. The amount of movement/energy molecules have determine its state. Plasma molecules have the most energy, then gas, liquid, and finally solid. More than one atom makes up a molecule. The bond that keeps molecules together are called a chemical bond. Matter have different bonds. Metallic bonds form when molecules can conduct electricity, or when the outer-most electrons move easily from one molecule to another. This occurs in metals. Hydrogen bonds form between polar molecules, or molecules that have different charges in different places. This bonding is described as cohension, and allows water to form droplets and stick together. There are also two kinds of chemical bonds that keep compounds together. Covalent bonds occur when atoms share molecules. Ionic bonds form when atoms with opposite charges come together.
- Want to Know: I want to know more about how it works.
- Learned: Heterozygous, or Hybrids, have different codes for the same gene. Homozygous or purebreds , have the same code for the same gene. Genotype is the code for our traits, i.e. code for black hair, code for blue eyes, etc, while phenotype is the result (outward physical appearance) of the genotype, i.e. black hair, blue eyes, etc. Mendel is a monk who grows peas and is called "The Father of Genetics" because he was the first to apply mathematical probability to the study of genetics/heredity, invented the Punnett Square, and the rules of heredity. Alleles are different versions of the same trait.Pedigrees are used to trace one trait through many generations.Polygenetics are many pairs of alleles that determine one trait. Multi-alleles are more than two types of alleles with . Incomplete dominance is when both alleles are dominant and working and are competing, so you would end up with a mixture of both sometimes. Some diseases, like Down's syndrome, are caused by mistakes during meiosis. Others, like color-blindness, are sex-linked because the genes are located on the sex chromosomes. Males are more likely to be victims of such because they only have to have one X chromosome infected while females have to both X chromosomes infected.
Mendel's Laws of Genetics:1. Traits are determined by alleles.
2. Alleles are dominant or recessive.
3. When a pair of chromosomes separate during meiosis, the different alleles for a trait are
separated into different sex cells.
CH11 Project Review
Choose example work you have done this quarter (e.g. Power Point presentation on heredity, the Genetics With a Smile assignment, or any other related work you have done) that demonstrates the following and reflect (describe/explain) on how this work actually demonstrates the following.
1. Knows that reproduction is a characteristic of all living things and is essential to all living things:
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I described that reproduction is essential to cats, planarians, hydra, and as well as all living things because it is the only thing that allows a species to continue surviving and prevent it fom becoming extinct.
2. Understands asexual and sexual reproduction (e.g. in terms of how genes are passed to offspring- heredity, and the advantages/disadvantages of both)
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I compared reproduction in hydra, planarians & cats. Hydra and planarians reproduce asexually, (hydra through fragmentation, the formation of offspring in which the parent is broken into peices, and planarians through regeneration, the ability for a new organism to form out of a lost body part.) While cats reproduce sexually, (they are dioecious, describing a species that are either only male or only female.) Hereditary information, through reproduction, is passed on from parent to offspring. When the hydra fragmentates, for example, the original hereditary material is passed on to the resulting offspring. In asexual reproduction, in the cases of the hydra and planaria, only one parent is needed, so more are produced in a given amount of time, and in the cellular level, mitosis is the type of cell division hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing organisms use. This results in two genetically identicle cells, and then into two genetically identicle offspring. Asexual reproduction allows 100% of the original hereditary material to be passed on. This means that the disadvantaging traits of hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing organisms are limited but it also means that defective genes are passed on. hydras, planarians, and other asexual reproducing species, due to their genetic similarity, also find it hard to adopt to environmental changes. In sexual reproduction, like in cats, two cats are needed are so the biotic potential is lesser, In the cellular level, they perform meiosis, in which the resulting four sex cells are all genetically unique and haploid. Then another haploid sex cell from another cat is needed for fertilization to occur, in which proccess a new diploid cell, a zygote, is formed. The zygote of a cat then, through cell division, grows into another cat. Sexual reproduction in the case of the cat is less in amount and only 50% of the cat's genetic material is passed on. But cats, and other species who reproduce sexually are more likely to survive environmental changes. Due to their individuality, a few cats, out of the whole population, can end up surviving in environmental changes because they will already be genetically prepared for it.
3. Knows where heredity information is contained and how traits are determined.
In my Power Point presentation on heredity, I described that heredity information is stored in the nucleus of cells, such as in the cells of planarians, hydra, cats, etc. Sections of hereditary material are called genes. The different versions of the same gene, called alleles, (i.e. different fur colors) determine a cat's traits, and also in other organisms too. Alleles can be dominant, covering up the other gene, or recessive, seeming to dissappear. When you have a dominant allele and a recessive one, the dominant one always appears in the phenotype, like if black fur dominates orange fur, then your cat would appear to have black fur. But when both alleles are dominant, you get a mixture of both on the phenotype, or the appearance or behavior of the cat, and in other organisms too.
Chapter 18.